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Table 3 Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between time-use and inhibitory control, self-regulation, and mental wellbeing at 5 years of age

From: Associations between activity, sedentary and sleep behaviours and psychosocial health in young children: a longitudinal compositional time-use study

 

Standardised mean difference (95% CI) in outcome at 5 years for 10% more sleep time than average

Standardised mean difference (95% CI) in outcome at 5 years for 10% more sedentary time than average

Standardised mean difference (95% CI) in outcome at 5 years for 10% more light physical activity time than average

Standardised mean difference (95% CI) in outcome at 5 years for 10% more moderate to vigorous physical activity time than average

Cross-sectional associations: time-use at 5 years (n = 344)

 

Sleep

Sedentary

LPA

MVPA

10% of compositional mean (minutes)

64

49

23

8.4

Inhibitory control

    

 Heads–Toes–Knees–Shoulders [38]

0.16 (− 0.02, 0.34)

− 0.02 (− 0.14, 0.10)

− 0.11 (− 0.17, − 0.04)

0.02 (− 0.02, 0.05)

 Statue (NEPSY-2) [37]

0.18 (0.00, 0.37)

− 0.05 (− 0.17, 0.07)

− 0.12 (− 0.18, − 0.06)

0.03 (− 0.00, 0.07)

Self-regulation (BASC-2) [39]

    

 Hyperactivity

0.08 (− 0.10, 0.26)

− 0.08 (− 0.20, 0.03)

0.01 (− 0.05, 0.07)

0.00 (− 0.03, 0.04)

 Emotional self-control

− 0.02 (− 0.21, 0.16)

0.03 (− 0.09, 0.15)

− 0.04 (− 0.11, 0.02)

0.03 (− 0.01, 0.06)

 Executive functioning

− 0.11 (− 0.30, 0.07)

0.08 (− 0.04, 0.20)

− 0.01 (− 0.08, 0.05)

0.02 (− 0.01, 0.06)

 Attentional problems

0.16 (− 0.02, 0.33)

− 0.12 (− 0.23, − 0.00)

0.02 (− 0.05, 0.08)

− 0.02 (− 0.06, 0.01)

Mental wellbeing (BASC-2) [39]

    

 Anxiety

0.08 (− 0.11, 0.26)

− 0.02 (− 0.14, 0.10)

0.03 (− 0.04, 0.09)

− 0.05 (− 0.09, − 0.02)

 Depression

0.08 (− 0.10, 0.27)

− 0.05 (− 0.17, 0.07)

0.02 (− 0.04, 0.09)

− 0.04 (− 0.07, 0.00)

 Resilience

− 0.09 (− 0.28, 0.09)

0.04 (− 0.08, 0.16)

− 0.02 (− 0.09, 0.04)

0.05 (0.01, 0.08)

Longitudinal associations: time-use at 3.5 years (n = 263)

 

Sleep

Sedentary

LPA

MVPA

10% of compositional mean (minutes)

66

48

24

6.7

Inhibitory control

    

 Heads–Toes–Knees–Shoulders [38]

0.09 (− 0.12, 0.30)

− 0.01 (− 0.15, 0.12)

− 0.06 (− 0.13, 0.01)

0.02 (− 0.01, 0.04)

 Statue (NEPSY-2) [37]

− 0.11 (− 0.32, 0.09)

0.09 (− 0.04, 0.22)

− 0.03 (− 0.10, 0.04)

0.02 (0.00, 0.05)

Self-regulation (BASC-2) [39]

    

 Hyperactivity

0.01 (− 0.18, 0.21)

− 0.05 (− 0.17, 0.08)

− 0.01 (− 0.07, 0.06)

0.03 (0.00, 0.06)

 Emotional self-control

0.02 (− 0.19, 0.23)

− 0.01 (− 0.14, 0.13)

0.02 (− 0.05, 0.09)

− 0.02 (− 0.05, 0.01)

 Executive functioning

− 0.04 (− 0.24, 0.16)

0.03 (− 0.10, 0.16)

0.04 (− 0.03, 0.11)

− 0.04 (− 0.06, − 0.01)

 Attentional problems

0.06 (− 0.13, 0.26)

− 0.06 (− 0.19, 0.06)

0.03 (− 0.04, 0.09)

− 0.01 (− 0.04, 0.01)

Mental wellbeing (BASC-2) [39]

    

 Anxiety

− 0.04 (− 0.25, 0.17)

0.03 (− 0.10, 0.17)

− 0.02 (− 0.09, 0.05)

0.01 (− 0.01, 0.04)

 Depression

− 0.05 (− 0.26, 0.16)

0.08 (− 0.05, 0.21)

− 0.06 (− 0.13, 0.01)

0.03 (− 0.00, 0.05)

 Resilience

0.00 (− 0.21, 0.20)

− 0.03 (− 0.16, 0.10)

0.05 (− 0.02, 0.12)

− 0.02 (− 0.05, 0.01)

  1. All analyses adjusted for sex, deprivation, snoring, BMI z-score, and randomised group and analysed using compositional analysis that takes into account all time-use variables. Mean differences are for a 10% greater time spent in the component relative to all other components
  2. NEPSY-2  NeuroPSYchological Assessment, BASC-2  Behavioral Assessment System for children