Associations between activity, sedentary and sleep behaviours and psychosocial health in young children: a longitudinal compositional time-use study

Table 4 Longitudinal associations between three-component time-use at 2 and 3.5 years and inhibitory control, self-regulation, and mental wellbeing at 5 years of age

Outcomes	Standardised mean difference (95% CI) in outcome at 5 years for 10% more sleep time than average	Standardised mean difference (95% CI) in outcome at 5 years for 10% more sedentary time than average	Standardised mean difference (95% CI) in outcome at 5 years for 10% more physical activity time than average
Time-use at 2 years (n = 194)	Sleep	Sedentary	Physical activity
Compositional mean (minutes)	684	463	293
10% of compositional mean (minutes)	68	46	29
Inhibitory control
Heads–Toes–Knees–Shoulders [38]	0.06 (− 0.10, 0.23)	− 0.06 (− 0.18, 0.05)	0.01 (− 0.06, 0.08)
Statue (NEPSY-2) [37]	0.02 (− 0.15, 0.20)	− 0.04 (− 0.16, 0.08)	0.02 (− 0.05, 0.09)
Self-regulation (BASC-2) [39]
Hyperactivity	0.12 (− 0.05, 0.29)	− 0.08 (− 0.19, 0.04)	− 0.01 (− 0.08, 0.05)
Emotional self-control	− 0.08 (− 0.25, 0.08)	0.06 (− 0.06, 0.17)	0.01 (− 0.06, 0.07)
Executive functioning	− 0.10 (− 0.26, 0.07)	0.05 (− 0.06, 0.17)	0.02 (− 0.05, 0.08)
Attentional problems	− 0.03 (− 0.19, 0.12)	0.04 (− 0.06, 0.15)	− 0.02 (− 0.08, 0.05)
Mental wellbeing (BASC-2) [39]
Anxiety	0.11 (− 0.06, 0.27)	− 0.04 (− 0.15, 0.08)	− 0.04 (− 0.10, 0.03)
Depression	0.10 (− 0.07, 0.26)	− 0.04 (− 0.15, 0.08)	− 0.03 (− 0.10, 0.03)
Resilience	− 0.11 (− 0.28, 0.07)	0.05 (− 0.07, 0.17)	0.03 (− 0.04, 0.10)

Time-use at 3.5 years (n = 263)	Sleep	Sedentary	LPA
Compositional mean (minutes)	656	475	309
10% of compositional mean (minutes)	66	48	31
Inhibitory control
Heads–Toes–Knees–Shoulders [38]	0.09 (− 0.10, 0.28)	− 0.04 (− 0.16, 0.08)	− 0.03 (− 0.09, 0.03)
Statue (NEPSY-2) [37]	− 0.09 (− 0.28, 0.10)	0.06 (− 0.06, 0.18)	0.01 (− 0.05, 0.07)
Self-regulation (BASC-2) [39]
Hyperactivity	0.03 (− 0.15, 0.21)	− 0.06 (− 0.18, 0.04)	0.04 (− 0.02, 0.09)
Emotional self-control	0.01 (− 0.18, 0.20)	0.01 (− 0.10, 0.13)	− 0.02 (− 0.08, 0.04)
Executive functioning	− 0.05 (− 0.23, 0.13)	0.06 (− 0.05, 0.18)	− 0.02 (− 0.08, 0.04)
Attentional problems	0.04 (− 0.13, 0.22)	− 0.04 (− 0.15, 0.07)	0.00 (− 0.05, 0.06)
Mental wellbeing (BASC-2) [39]
Anxiety	− 0.03 (− 0.22, 0.16)	0.02 (− 0.10, 0.14)	0.01 (− 0.05, 0.07)
Depression	− 0.03 (− 0.23, 0.16)	0.04 (− 0.08, 0.16)	− 0.01 (− 0.07, 0.05)
Resilience	− 0.01 (− 0.20, 0.17)	0.00 (− 0.12, 0.12)	0.01 (− 0.05, 0.07)

All analyses adjusted for sex, deprivation, snoring (for the 3.5 year measures, not available for the 2 year measures), BMI z-score at 5 years, and randomised group and analysed using compositional analysis that takes into account all time-use variables. Mean differences are for a 10% greater time spent in the component relative to all other components
NEPSY-2 NeuroPSYchological Assessment, BASC-2 Behavioral Assessment System for children

ISSN: 2731-4391