Journal of Activity, Sedentary and Sleep Behaviors

Table 2 χ² tests of movement behaviour changes during COVID-19 pandemic and sociodemographic characteristics (May–June 2020)

From: Sociodemographic and mental health characteristics associated with changes in movement behaviours due to the COVID-19 pandemic in adolescents

			Proportion (%)			χ² value	p value
			Increase	Decrease	No change	χ² value	p value
Gender	TV	Female	74.7	3.8	21.5	18.64	< 0.001
	TV	Male	79.1	3.4	17.5	18.64	< 0.001
	Effect size^a		VS	–	VS
	Social media	Female	68.9	4.5	26.6	156.57	< 0.001
	Social media	Male	54.3	6.2	39.5	156.57	< 0.001
	Effect size^a		SM	VS	SM
	Physical activity	Female	32.0	39.1	28.9	20.70	< 0.001
	Physical activity	Male	27.7	39.0	33.3	20.70	< 0.001
	Effect size^a		VS	–	VS
	Sleep	Female	43.0	25.1	31.9	49.10	< 0.001
	Sleep	Male	40.1	20.3	39.6	49.10	< 0.001
	Effect size^a		–	VS	VS
Ethnicity	TV	White	75.7	3.6	20.7	7.79	0.02
	TV	Non-White	77.8	4.3	17.8	7.79	0.02
	Effect size^a		–	–	–
	Social media	White	63.1	4.7	32.2	16.16	< 0.001
	Social media	Non-White	63.6	7.0	29.4	16.16	< 0.001
	Effect size^a		–	VS	–
	Physical activity	White	30.8	37.8	31.4	18.62	< 0.001
	Physical activity	Non-White	28.5	43.7	27.8	18.62	< 0.001
	Effect size^a		–	VS	VS
	Sleep	White	40.5	23.0	36.5	31.30	< 0.001
	Sleep	Non-White	45.7	25.3	29.0	31.30	< 0.001
	Effect size^a		VS	–	–
Income	TV	High	75.5	4.4	20.1	12.32	0.02
		Medium	77.2	3.5	19.3
		Low	73.2	3.5	23.3*
	Effect size^a		–	–	VS
	Social media	High	60.1*	6.0	33.9	12.80	0.01
		Medium	63.8	5.1	31.1
		Low	65.9	4.4	29.7
	Effect size^a		VS	–	–
	Physical activity	High	32.4	38.8	28.8	9.63	0.05
		Medium	30.0	38.6	31.3
		Low	27.8	41.5	30.7
	Effect size^a		–	–	–
	Sleep	High	43.9	23.2	32.9	5.53	0.24
		Medium	41.0	23.5	35.5
		Low	40.8	23.8	35.4
	Effect size^a		–	–	–

*Value that significantly varies from others in three-way comparisons
^aPairwise p value between sociodemographic categories < 0.05, where VS, SM, ML, VL represent very small (≤ 0.2), small-to-moderate (> 0.2–0.5), moderate-to-large (> 0.5–0.8), and very large (> 0.8) Cohen’s h or d effect sizes respectively

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