Table 1 Subject characteristics before and after a 12-week CWAT-based intervention period within the control, CWAT and CWAT + groups

Age (years)

53.8 ± 8.5

54.2 ± 8.8

52.4 ± 8.7

52.8 ± 8.7

53.8 ± 9.2

54.7 ± 9.5

Sex (m/f)

6/14

6/13

7/13

7/13

8/11

7/10

Body weight (kg)

75.8 ± 11.5

77.2 ± 11.6

76.6 ± 14.6

76.9 ± 14.7

74.7 ± 12.7

72.6 ± 12.5

− 0.28 (− 2.01, 1.46)

− 2.19 (− 4.00, − 0.37)*

− 1.91 (− 3.70, − 0.12)*

Body height (cm)

169.7 ± 7.9

170.4 ± 7.3

171.1 ± 7.9

171.1 ± 8.0

171.3 ± 10.3

170.2 ± 10.2

BMI (kg/m²)

26.3 ± 3.8

26.6 ± 4.1

26.2 ± 4.9

26.3 ± 4.9

25.4 ± 3.6

25.0 ± 3.6

− 0.06 (− 0.65, 0.52)

− 0.72 (− 1.33, − 0.14)*

− 0.66 (− 1.26, − 0.06)*

Waist circumference (cm)

88.5 ± 10.0

90.9 ± 10.7

89.2 ± 13.9

88.0 ± 14.3

87.2 ± 10.1

85.1 ± 9.2

− 2.87 (− 5.72, − 0.01)*

− 4.11 (− 7.09, − 1.13)*

− 1.24 (− 4.20, 1.70)

Hip circumference (cm)

98.2 ± 9.3

100.2 ± 10.4

99.7 ± 11.2

98.6 ± 11.4

97.4 ± 8.0

95.6 ± 7.2

− 2.46 (− 5.60, 0.67)

− 3.48 (− 6.75, − 0.21)*

− 1.02 (− 4.25, 2.22)

Waist-to-hip-ratio

0.90 ± 0.08

0.91 ± 0.08

0.89 ± 0.08

0.89 ± 0.10

0.90 ± 0.07

0.89 ± 0.07

-0.01 (− 0.04, 0.02)

− 0.01 (− 0.04, 0.02)

− 0.01 (− 0.04, 0.03)

Lean mass (kg)

46.5 ± 7.1

47.3 ± 6.5

48.3 ± 6.5

48.6 ± 8.6

47.9 ± 9.1

47.3 ± 9.2

0.21 (− 0.73, 1.11)

− 0.36 (− 1.35, 0.63)

− 0.57 (− 1.55, 0.41)

Fat mass (kg)

26.0 ± 9.4

26.5 ± 10.0

24.5 ± 9.9

24.6 ± 10.1

23.1 ± 6.2

21.9 ± 7.3

− 0.26 (− 1.70, 1.18)

− 1.67 (− 3.21, − 0.14)*

− 1.41 (− 3.21, − 0.14)

Fat mass (%)

34.0 ± 9.6

33.9 ± 9.9

31.9 ± 9.5

31.8 ± 9.4

31.5 ± 6.6

30.4 ± 8.0

− 0.3 (− 1.6, 1.1)

− 1.5 (− 2.9, − 0.1)*

− 1.3 (− 2.6, 0.2)

Energy intake (kcal)

1503 ± 255

1600 ± 450

1726 ± 348

1793 ± 264

1635 ± 351

1595 ± 630

− 87 (− 330, 505)

− 120 (− 557, 317)

− 33 (− 437, 371

Fat (g)

53 ± 16

56 ± 23

64 ± 19

65 ± 11

58 ± 14

60 ± 26

− 6 (− 23, 19)

− 4 (− 27, 19)

2 (− 19, 23)

Protein (g)

71 ± 15

76 ± 20

68 ± 18

74 ± 22

73 ± 18

68 ± 24

4 (− 22, 31)

− 10 (− 37, 17)

− 14 (− 40, 11)

Carbohydrate (g)

170 ± 30

179 ± 42

196 ± 42

208 ± 40

189 ± 44

180 ± 75

− 8 (− 49, 34)

− 10 (− 54, 33)

− 3 (− 43, 38)

HbA1c (%)

5.3 ± 0.3

5.4 ± 0.3

5.3 ± 0.4

Smoking status (n)

Never

0

0

1

Former

5

7

3

Never

15

13

15

Chronic disease (n)

 Respiratory

1

0

2

 Cardiovascular

0

5

1

 Medication (n)

 Beta blocker

0

3

2

 Angiotensin II-antagonist

0

2

1

 Bronchodilator

1

0

1