Table 2 Cardiometabolic risk factors and parameters before and after a 12-week CWAT-based intervention period within the control, CWAT and CWAT + groups

Cardiovascular health

 Systolic BP (mm Hg)

120 ± 13

117 ± 12

123 ± 12

120 ± 12

124 ± 12

125 ± 15

1 (− 6, 8)

4 (− 3, 12)

3 (− 4, 10)

 Diastolic BP (mm Hg)

79 ± 8

77 ± 7

83 ± 9

80 ± 8

81 ± 8

81 ± 9

0 (− 4, 4)

3 (− 1, 6)

3 (− 1, 6)

 Mean arterial pressure (mm Hg)

93 ± 10

90 ± 8

96 ± 9

93 ± 9

95 ± 9

96 ± 10

0 (− 4, 5)

3 (− 1, 8)

3 (− 2, 7)

 Resting heart rate (bpm)

62 ± 6

61 ± 7

59 ± 9

60 ± 8

57 ± 7

60 ± 8

1 (− 4, 6)

3 (− 2, 8)

2 (− 3, 6)

 Total cholesterol (mmol/l)

5.00 ± 0.93

4.80 ± 0.91

5.40 ± 1.12

4.78 ± 0.88

5.67 ± 1.27

4.64 ± 0.98

− 0.17 (− 0.79, 0.45)

− 0.41 (− 1.06, 0.24)

− 0.24 (− 0.87, 0.39)

 HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)

1.39 ± 0.24

1.26 ± 0.33

1.62 ± 0.49

1.36 ± 0.23

1.61 ± 0.51

1.26 ± 0.29

0.07 (− 0.14, 0.28)

− 0.05 (− 0.25, 0.18)

− 0.11 (− 0.31, 0.10)

 LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l)

3.61 ± 0.82

3.54 ± 0.81

3.78 ± 1.10

3.42 ± 0.90

4.06 ± 0.98

3.38 ± 0.82

− 0.20 (− 0.67, 0.27)

− 0.38 (− 0.87,0.11)

− 0.18 (− 0.67, 0.31)

 Triglycerides (mmol/l)

0.98 ± 0.41

1.05 ± 0.55

1.25 ± 0.71

1.02 ± 0.57

1.22 ± 0.38

0.94 ± 0.37

− 0.25 (− 0.55, 0.05)

− 0.31 (− 0.62, − 0.01)*

− 0.07 (− 0.63, 0.23)

Glucose tolerance

 Fasting glucose (mmol/l)

5.3 ± 0.5

5.2 ± 0.5

5.1 ± 0.7

5.2 ± 0.5

5.3 ± 0.4

5.5 ± 1.0

0.3 (− 0.5, 0.5)

0.2 (− 0.3, 0.7)

0.2 (− 0.3, 0.7)

 Fasting insulin (pmol/l)

60 ± 31

55 ± 24

54 ± 35

46 ± 29

44 ± 28

52 ± 17

− 5 (− 20, 10)

5 (− 11, 21)

10 (− 5, 25)

 Glucose 120 min (mmol/l)

6.5 ± 1.8

7.3 ± 2.3

6.2 ± 1.7

6.4 ± 1.9

6.9 ± 1.7

6.6 ± 1.5

− 0.3 (− 1.6, 0.9)

− 0.6 (− 1.9, 0.7)

− 0.3 (− 1.6, 1.0)

 Insulin 120 min (pmol/l)

547 ± 389

571 ± 425

490 ± 429

421 ± 396

551 ± 433

371 ± 241

− 68 (− 266, 129)

− 173 (− 375, − 29)*

− 104 (− 304, 95)

 Glucose tAUC (mmol/l min)

862 ± 159

903 ± 209

832 ± 155

845 ± 196

890 ± 139

862 ± 180

− 2 (− 132, 127)

− 60 (− 192, 72)

− 57 (− 194, 79)

 Matsuda index

5.04 ± 3.42

5.45 ± 3.51

6.07 ± 3.71

7.13 ± 4.59

5.75 ± 2.37

5.18 ± 1.72

0.27 (− 1.70, 2.24)

− 0.65 (− 2.70, 1.40)

− 0.91 (− 2.94, 1.11)

 IGI

209 ± 151

178 ± 109

173 ± 155

183 ± 165

113 ± 201

156 ± 81

− 9 (− 53, 71)

6 (− 59, 72)

− 3 (− 67, 62)

 QUICKI

0.35 ± 0.03

0.36 ± 0.04

0.36 ± 0.04

0.37 ± 0.04

0.37 ± 0.03

0.35 ± 0.02

0.01 (− 0.01, 0.03)

− 0.02 (− 0.04, 0.00)*

− 0.03 (− 0.05, 0.01)*

 HOMA-IR

2.07 ± 1.16

1.88 ± 0.93

1.86 ± 1.40

1.55 ± 1.07

1.54 ± 1.11

1.90 ± 0.91

− 0.19 (− 0.79, 0.42)

0.30 (− 0.34, 0.93)

0.49 (− 0.14, 1.11)

 mISI

0.11 ± 0.08

0.13 ± 0.1

0.14 ± 0.10

0.18 ± 0.19

0.14 ± 0.08

0.16 ± 0.08

0.03 (− 0.09, 0.14)

0.03 (− 0.09, 0.15)

0.00 (− 0.12, 0.12)

 HIRI

32.8 ± 11.0

34.0 ± 13.0

32.2 ± 13.0

31.7 ± 13.5

27.7 ± 10.7

30.1 ± 6.7

− 1.0 (− 7.2, 5.2)

− 0.8 (− 7.3, 5.7)

0.2 (− 6.2, 6.6)